- Abstracts Workshop Kairo 2001
Practice Oriented Results on Use and Production of Plant Extracts and PheromonesIn Integrated and Biological Pest Control
Held under the auspices of His Excellency Organized by: Cairo, Egypt, February 10 - 11, 2001
Prof. Dr. Y. A. Wally
,
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Agriculture & Land Reclamation of Egypt
and
Prof. Dr. Mohamed Amer,
President of the Zagazig University, Egypt.
University of Zagazig – Egypt
ADCO – Egypt
Trifolio-M GmbH - Germany
Action of NeemAzal
on Parasitoids Attacking Bemisia (Tabaci Complex) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) |
Effect of NeemAzal on
Siphoninus phillyreae (Hemiptera: Alleyrodidae) and its Parasitoid Encarsia inaron (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) |
Relative Toxicity of Enco 1, Delfin and Sumigold Mixed with XRD 473 To The Lima Bean Pod Borer Etiella zinckenella Treit. Infesting Cowpea Plantation s in the Arid Ecosystems |
Potential of phytochemicals for the prevention, detection and control of pest insects in integrated stored product protection |
Laboratory Studies
on the Effects of NeemAzal-T/S and NeemAzal-T on some Biological Aspects of the Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae Koch |
Applications of Azadirachtin (NeemAzal-T/S) in Italy: Two Years of Field Trials in Orchards |
Mating Disruption Pheromones versus Insecticides to Control Populations of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) in Egyptian Cotton Production |
An Isocratic HPLC Method
for Determination of Azadirachtin A in Neem seeds and in various Azadirachtin based formulations using p-Cresyl acetate as an Internal Standard |
Stability of Azadirachtin - A Review |
Innovative Technologies to Produce Biopesticides |
Effectiveness of Pheromone Trapping Device in Relation to Conventional Controls of Tea Tortrix |
Biological Activity of Different Neem Based Pesticides against The Cigarette Beetle Lasioderma Serricorne (F.) Attacking Stored Medicinal Plants |
Efficacy of some Sinai Plant Extracts Against Mosquitoes, Culex pipiens pipiens L. |
The Predaciousness Potential of some Vertebrates for Certain Terrestrial Molluscs under Laboratory Condition |
Fifteen Years of Research on Botanical Insecticides |
The Role of Coumarins as Insecticidal Agent Against Stored Grain Pest (Cowpea Beetle) |
A Newly Formulated Potent Attractant Lure for the Peach Fruit Fly Braetocera zonata Saund (Tephritidae: Deiptera) in Egypt |
Chemical Composition
and Antimicrobial Activity of Two Gamma Iradiated Essential Oils |
Ovicidal Activity of some Essential Oils and Plant Extracts against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) |
Accumulation and changes of Azadirachtin A during the development of fruit of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica, and during its seed germination |
Anti-Insect Properties
of the Iberis Amara Linn., and Antholyza aethiopica Andr., Extract against the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis Boisd., (Lepidoptera: Noctuidea) |
Biological Control of Pests, Insects, Worms and Diseases by Use of Plant Organs in Ancient Iran. |
Efficacies of NeemAzal-T/S in Practice |
Plant Extracts and Utilization of their Products for Safe Agricultural Production and for Reducing Environmental Pollution |
Effect of Honeybee Queen Substance (QS) on Certain Biological Aspects of the Black Cutworm Agrotis Ipsilon (Hufn.) |
Effective Control of Varroatosis (Varroa jacobsoni Oud.) |
National Programe for Varroa Mite Control in Honeybee Colonies using Integrated Pest Management (IPM) |
NeemAzal: Properties of a Commercial Neem-Seed-Extract |
Biopesticides
– Present Situation and Future Potential |
Laboratory and Field Measurements of Pheromones - Tools for the Improvement of Mating Disruption |
Effects of Neem Azal T/S
on the development of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) |
The Potential of Pheromones |
Neem pesticides in public green areas - guidelines for a useful application |
Efficiency of Two Neem Formulations in Controlling the Pallid Scale Insulaspis palidula (Green) Infesting Mango Trees in Egypt |
Botanical Pesticides
From Custard Apple Annona squamosa Linn. |
Need Based Studies On Rural Reformation And The Solution. |
A Real Way to Obtain Safe Biopesticides |
Studies on New Sources of Phytochemical Pesticides by Biotechnological Means |
Estimation of residue data based on the analytics of the lead compound Azadirachtin A |
The effect of neem terpenoids and some other phytochemicals on insect and mammalian cultured cells. |
Field Application of Onion preparations for Controlling Sesamia cretica Led. Infesting Maize Plants |
Survival of Metarhizium anisopliae mycelial propagules in soil under different moisture regimes in laboratory |
Use of some Local Natural Resources on Control of Flea Beetle, Phyllotreta nemorum L. ( Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) |
The Possibilities of Neemazal and its Combinations with Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Use in Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar L.) Populations Control in Slovakia |
Perspectives of Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis Use in Bark Beetles Populations Control |
Feasibility of Using Neem and Organic Waste Products as Substitutes for Methyl Bromide at Control of Root Feeding Nematodes in Tea |
Comparison of Aqueous Neem Seed Kernel Extracts with NeemAzal-T/S |
Action of NeemAzal on Parasitoids Attacking Bemisia (Tabaci Complex) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Shaban Abd-Rabou
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Applied biological control by parasitoids has been an effective and highly desirable method of Bemisia (tabaci Complex)
(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). The present work is an attempt to save the parasitoids of this serious pest by using the natural compound (NeemAzal) in controlling it. Small scale trials were carried out in Gossypium barbadens
(cotton), Lantana camara, Lawsonia alba and Lycopersicum esculentum (tomato) fields to evaluate the effect of NeemAzal on the parasitoids of B. (tabaci
Complex) in different localities in Egypt. NeemAzal 2mL/L and 3mL/L reduced the percent parasitism of Encarsia davidi Viggiani et Mazzona (from 9,2 to 4,1%), E. inaron (Walker) (21,6% to 10,5%), E. lutea
(Masi) (28,4 to 12,1%), E. mineoi (11,5 to 3,4%), Eretmocerus corni (Haldeman) (18,7 to 10,9%), E. diversicilatus (Silvestri) (13,4 to 7,5%) and E. mundus Mercet (37,1 to 24,5%)
after one week of spraying. The results indicate that NeemAzal is more effective on the species of the genus Encarsia than on the species of the genus Eretmocerus.
Effect of NeemAzal on Siphoninus phillyreae
(Hemiptera: Alleyrodidae) and its Parasitoid Encarsia inaron (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) Shaaban Abd Rabou
Plant Protection Research Institute Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt The pomegranate whitefly Siphoninus phillyreae
Haliday (Hemiptera: Alleyrodidae) is the most important pest of pomegranate in Egypt. In 1999-2000, the effect of NeemAzal application on S. phillyreae and its parasitoid Encarsia inaron (Hymenoptera:
Aphelinidae) was examined. The experiments were carried out in pomegranate (Punica granatum) orchards in Assiut. The highest reduction of the population of S. phillyreae
reached 47,5 and 61,8% after 2 weeks of spraying by 2mL/L and 3mL/L in the first year and 41,2 and 56,4% in the second year, respectively. NeemAzal 2mL/L and 3mL/L reduced the percent parasitism of the parasitoid E. inaron
from 60,4 to 20,1 and 75,6 42,3 to 11,9% in the first year and from 75,6 to 30,8% and 84,7 to 24,6% in the second year, respectively.
Relative Toxicity of Enco 1, Delfin and Sumigold Mixed with XRD 473 To The Lima Bean Pod Borer
Etiella zinckenella Treit. Infesting Cowpea Plantation s in the Arid Ecosystems
Farouk A. Abdel-Galil*, Mohamed A. A. Morsi*, Samy H. Mohamed*, Mohamed A. M. Amro** *Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University
**Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Egypt Experiments were carried out in the experimental farm of Agriculture College in El-Ghorieb (South East) of Assiut Governorate, as
a newly reclaimed area, to evaluate the efficiency of Enco 1, Delfin and Sumigold mixed with XRD 473 against the lema bean pod borer Etiella zinckenella Treit., in cowpea fields.
Results revealed that the reduction percentage in the population of E. zinckenella caused by the plant extract ENCO 1 was
71.39%. However, the reduction percentage caused by using the biocide Delfin was 62.62%. On the other hand, the reduction percentage caused by the two mixed insecticides (Sumigold and XRD 473) was 83.96%.
Although, the obtained results indicated that the reduction percentage in the population was higher by using insecticides that the plant extract and the biocide, these two compounds could be preferred in controlling
E. zinckenella as they are safe to man and environment. Finally, the results of the present study may help in constructing a control strategy program for the cowpea pests.
Potential of phytochemicals for the prevention, detection and control of pest insects in integrated stored product protection C. Adler
Institute for Stored Product Protection, Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, D-14195 Berlin, Germany, e-mail: c.adler@bba.de
Plants utilise semiochemicals to attract beneficials or to repel harmful insects. Some of the repellents may even be highly toxic for
certain insects. This was known to a number of ancient cultures and utilised e.g. by burning essential oils and incense or by the
use of resin for embalming mummies in Egyptian pharaonic times. Also in some traditional storage practices, plant parts or extracts have been used for many generations.
To do experiments with a plant extract without an exact biochemical analysis of its composition is like a shot in the dark, because
in a plant, the quality and quantity of pure compounds produced may depend on factors like plant species and variety, climate,
soil, maturity at the time of harvest, and storage conditions before testing. All these factors could influence the efficacy of a given
extract against stored product pests and thus interfere with the comparability and reproducibility of results. Thus, it is worthwhile
to analyse the composition of a given plant, the quality and quantity of its pure compounds, even though this requires extraction units, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, as well as pure compounds for reference. In laboratory studies on the efficacy of plant extracts, it may be desirable to start testing a pure compound before trying to
understand the mode of action of binary, tertiary or more complicated mixtures of compounds.
Botanicals, toxic to potential pests may prove quite toxic to man, as well. Thus, in studying an unknown plant extract, equal
precaution should be used like in analysing an unknown synthetic chemical. Once removed from its natural context, a
phytochemical may be described as a biodegradable chemical with the same risks of application as in the use of any other chemical including the risk of resistance development of pests.
In integrated stored product protection, phytochemicals may be used to repel pests from premises of storage or food production. It could make sense to plant lemon trees, carnations or Ocimum
bushes close to a grain storage or flower mill because the insect repellent odours of these plants could surpass or mask the attractive smell of stored goods. Phytochemicals may also be used on
or around packed food stuffs to repel insects. Preliminary tests with a number of phytochemicals showed, however, that 100 per cent repellence could hardly be achieved in a ”no-choice”-test.
For pest monitoring and early pest detection, attractive compounds may be used to lure insects to a trap. Experiments with the Indian mealmoth Plodia interpunctella
revealed that certain aromatic compounds had a highly attractive effect on young females. This effect may be used in combination with pheromone lures for mass trapping of both sexes and thus reduce the necessity of
control treatments. Toxic compounds may be used for pest control. Seeds of brown pepper Piper guinense, traditionally admixed to grain in a number of African countries, and leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides,
used as a protectant for grains and pulses in the highlands of Cameroon, displayed a high toxicity against various stored product species when applied to grain as a powder.
Bruchids proved to be more sensitive to the treatment than Sitophilus species and Prostephanus truncatus.
Today, with probably more scientific knowledge and better technology than ever before, man can analyse and utilise the ongoing
”arms-race” between plants and insects for his own benefits. Thus, phytochemicals may have a bright future in stored product protection.
Laboratory Studies on the Effects of NeemAzal-T/S and NeemAzal-T on some Biological Aspects of the Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae Koch Abdel-Aziz E. Basha, I. M. Kelany Plant protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
The effects of two Neem (Azadirachta indica) formulations NeemAzal-T/S (1% Azadirachtin) and NeemAzal-T (5% Azadirachtin) on some biological aspects of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae
Koch were investigated under laboratory conditions. NeemAzal-T/S was highly effective , where showed high mortality and reduced the eggs number laid by females. The
effect of both tested materials, which directly sprayed on laid eggs was also evaluated.
Applications of Azadirachtin (NeemAzal-T/S) in Italy: Two Years of Field Trials in Orchards Riccardo Cornale(1) , Enrico Albonetti (2), Massimo Benuzzi (2)
(1) Centro Agricoltura Ambiente, via di mezzo Levante, Crevalcore (Bo) Italy; E-mail: (2) Servizio Tecnico Intrachem Bio Italia, via cavalcavia 55, 47023 Cesena (Fc) Italy; E-mail:
During 1999 - 2000 a number of trials have been conducted in Emilia-Romagna with azadirachtin (Neem Azal T/S) for control of Dysaphis plantaginea on apples and Thrips meridionalis on nectarines.
Trials on apples were initiated in 1999, comparing two commercial azadirachtin-based products (including Neem Azal T/S) against
an untreated control. The NeemAzal-T/S treatment achieved better insect control (84,3%) than the other azadirachtin-based product (68%).
During the 2000 season, field tests have continued and different application programs of NeemAzal-T/S were evaluated.
Results obtained in the second year of testing confirmed the superior efficacy of Neem Azal-T/S versus the other product (86,8%
and 76,4% efficacy respectively); the most interesting application of NeemAzal-T/S (96,9% efficacy) consist of two treatments,
before and after bloom respectively, with a full rate of application of 3 l/ha. From these results it can be concluded that NeemAzal-T/S is a valid tool for control of Dysaphis plantaginea.
The trial on nectarines was conducted during 2000 using NeemAzal-T/S alone or in tank-mix with other bio-insecticides such as natural pyrethrum and or a commercial product based on Beauveria bassiana
(Naturalis). The efficacy achieved by NeemAzal-T/S has been 54 % and 68%, respectively with 2 and 3 treatments during bloom; when NeemAzal-T/S was tank-mixed
with other bio-insecticides, the efficacy achieved was 90% and above. These results show that azadirachtin, alone or in tank-mix
with other bio-insecticides, can be a valid tool for control of thirps on nectarines, particularly in organic orchards.
Mating Disruption Pheromones versus Insecticides to Control Populations of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) in
Egyptian Cotton Production Boguslawski, C. v.; Basedow, Th.
IInstitute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology at the Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen On behalf of the Egyptian-German Cotton Sector Promotion Program (CSPP) of the GTZ, research was conducted to compare
conventional and organic cotton production in Fayoum gouvernorate between 1998 and 1999. The use of mating disruption
pheromones in Egyptian cotton production started in the early nineties with good results and was therefore recommended for the
entire crop. Low yields and a bad performance of the used pheromones in the 1998 cotton season resulted in the limitation of
their use. With help and support of the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation (MoALR) and the CSPP however, a new mating disruption pheromone could be tested in organic cotton production for trial purposes in the year 1999. A total cotton growing area of 75 feddan was equipped with the pheromone PECGOS of the company Trifolio M at a rate of 150
dispensers per feddan. Water traps, delta traps and boll sampling were done to monitor the population density and to determine the infestation with pink bollworm (P. gossypiella
). In order to analyze the impact of the pheromone 228 feddan were monitored, of which 151 fd were cultivated conventionally and 77 fd organically. Immediately after the application of PECGOS a clear
difference between the two production systems could be proven, as shown in the graph. Although conventional fields were
treated with insecticides repeatedly (CURACRONE, SUMIALFA) higher populations could be detected in delta traps till the end of
the season. Results of the boll sampling correlate with this positively. A yield assessment showed a significant higher yield in organic cotton production during these investigations.
The use of pheromone mating disruption with PECGOS is therefore highly recommended especially for organic cultivation of
cotton in Egypt. Pheromones can help to reduce insecticide use and is one of the necessary tools of integrated crop management to achieve a sustainable agriculture.
An Isocratic HPLC Method for Determination of Azadirachtin A in Neem seeds and in various Azadirachtin based formulations using p-Cresyl acetate as an Internal Standard Devendra Kumar, OmVir Singh, Sreeharsha Hegde and Sreenivasa Rao Damarla EID Parry (I) Ltd., R&D Centre, 145 Devanahalli Road, Bangalore 560 049, India
A high performance liquid chromatography method for analysis of azadirachtin A in neem seed and its various formulations has
been developed using isocratic conditions and p-Cresyl acetate as an internal standard. The method is precise and accurate
within the limits of +/- <1.0% in concentration range of 0.05 ug/ml to 60 ug/ml of azadirachtin A. The minimum detection limit of
azadirachtin was found to be 1 ng at signal to noise ratio of 5.9. The intra-day variation was found to be 0.47 +/- 0.20% while
inter-day variation was observed 0.45 +/- 0.25%. No degradation of azadirachtin A was observed in presence of p-cresyl acetate
at room temperature as well as under refrigerated conditions for a period of one month. The details of the method are reported in this paper.
Stability of Azadirachtin - A Review Sreenivasa Rao Damarla Research & Development Centre, E.I.D. Parry (I) Ltd, 145 Devanahalli Road, Bangalore 560 049, SreenivasaraoD@murugappa.co.in Azadirachtin (I) is the most active secondary metabolite possessing various pesticidal properties among a number limonoids present in seeds of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica
). It is one of the highly oxidized complex limonoids known. The molecule of azadirachtin has eight condensed rings: three carbocyclic and five heterocyclic the later of which contain oxygen as hetero atom
and include one tetra-substituted oxirane, two five-membered, one tetrahydrofuran and one six-membered pyran rings. Other
oxygen functions include an enol ether, acetal, hemiacetal, secondary and tertiary hydroxyl groups and a variety of carboxylic
esters and a tiglate linkage. Inspection of the molecular structure reveals 16 stereogenic centres, seven of which are quaternary.
Owing to the presence of acid sensitive groups like tertiary hydroxyls, a ketone group and a dihydrofuran ring it is highly unstable
under acidic condition while the presence of four ester groups make it equally unstable in alkaline conditions. In addition to these
chemical factors, various physical parameters such as temperature, light and humidity are reported to effect the molecule which
lead to its rapid decomposition. It has also been reported that interaction of various solvent molecules with active functional groups of azadirachtin could result in chemical changes in the molecule.
Azadirachtin is found to be unstable in native form i.e., in the neem seed, in extracts and in the pure state. The stability of
azadirachtin has been studied extensively under various storage conditions. The degradation of azadirachtin vary in different
samples and at different storage environments which could be due to one or several physical and chemical factors described
above. The role of these parameters on degradation of azadirachtin and efforts to enhance its stability in commercial neem formulations is reviewed in this paper.
Innovative Technologies to Produce Biopesticides Ambrosino** P., D’Andrea*± A., Fogliano** V., Fresa*** R., Gorgoglione*** D., Mariani* S., Ritieni**
A. and S.Sinesi**** * **
University of Naples ”Federico II” Department of Food Science – Parco Gussone, 80055 Portici (Naples) – Italy *** Essences s.r.l. Via Manzoni 84010 - San Marzano – Salerno – Italy ****
Rasa Realtur s.p.a. Località Coppa del Fascione - Manfredonia - 71043 (FG) Italy ± Speaker
The aim of this work is to present the present status of industrial applications of innovative technologies in the field of
Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) of secondary metabolites. An industrial process to produce different kind of Neem extracts, based on supercritical CO2
extraction, will be illustrated. The ENEA (Italian Government Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment)’s activities to promote industrial SFE applications from different plants to produce biopesticides,
pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals will be presented.
Effectiveness of Pheromone Trapping Device in Relation to Conventional Controls of Tea Tortrix
M. W. J. Dharmawardana, S. Nelson Fernando Serendib Natural Products Ltd., 227, Castle Street, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
The name ”Ceylon” resonate with Tea, which is the leading foreign exchange earner of Ceylon, now named Sri Lanka. Tea grows through out in the wet zone of Sri Lanka. Tea Tortrix – Homona coffearia
is indigenous to Sri Lanka and first recorded by Nietner in Coffee and confirmed by Green as a serious pest in Tea. The infestation of Tea Tortrix in Tea is found above elevations of 600 meters above sea level. The larvae of Tea Tortrix emerge from the eggs laid on the mature leaves of Tea and they move up-wards to tender Tea buds
while eating and damaging same. They feed on pluckable leaves for about 4-5 weeks until pupa is formed. The damage caused by Tea Tortrix has records of reduction in yield over 50%.
Trapping device with the pheromone mixture of E 9 – Dodecenyl – 1 –acetate, Dodecenyl –1-acetate, & Dodecanol supplied by Trifolio -M
GmbH, was used as the bait in the studies of trap catchers vs mean population densities of Tea Tortrix. The studies
comparing the effectiveness of the trapping device with the conventional control system still continues, while the colour affinities of the Tea Tortrix were found to be in the order of yellow to green.
Biological Activity of Different Neem Based Pesticides against The Cigarette Beetle Lasioderma Serricorne (F.) Attacking Stored Medicinal Plants Nadia Z. Dimetry*, A. A. Barakat*, A.M.E. Abd El-Salam*, H. E. El-Metwally**, E.M.E. Risha** *Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
**Economic Entomology and Pesticides Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
The present investigation was undertaken to elucidate the bioactivity of different concentrations of neem based pesticides (Entomax, Entomax-Plus, Margosan-O and Sunneem) applied to the food against the 4th
instar larva of Lasioderma serricorne (F.). Larvae offered food treated with different dosages of any one of neem formulations resulted in prolongation of the duration
of the survived larvae compared with untreated larvae (control). Also, the different treatments exhibited chronic toxicity to the
larvae and the resulting pupae and reduced the beetle emergence. The majority of exposed larvae to treated diet died
particularly at high dosages used throughout larval development and some latent effects (different scores of malformation) were
obtained during the resulting progeny. However, in Sunneem treatment, no malformed individuals were obtained. There was a
positive relationship between the different neem concentrations and the percentage mortality of treated individuals.
The different biopesticides used could be arranged according to the percentage reduction in F1 progeny as follows: Entomax, Margosan-O, Entomax-Plus and Sunneem.
The biological effects of different formulations my be attributed to the presence of different concentrations of Azadirachtin as active ingredient.
Efficacy of some Sinai Plant Extracts Against Mosquitoes, Culex pipiens pipiens L.
Elham EL-Abgy*, A. A. EL-Fishawi** *Tropical Medicine Research Institute
**Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University A bioassay for both acetone and aqueous crude extracts of two wide Sinai plants (Phlomis aurea and Artimisia herba – alba)
activity in eggs and larvae of Culex pipiens pipiens L. was development in order to compare the toxicity and morphogenetic
activity of these extracts after treatments. All tested extracts evoked toxic, latent and morphogenetic effects. Results indicate that Phlomis aurea
extract was the highly effective one on duration, longevity, sex ratio, oviposition, hatchability ad sterilizing action.
The Predaciousness Potential of some Vertebrates for Certain Terrestrial Molluscs under Laboratory Condition H. I. H. EL-Deeb, Maha M. Fouad Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dooki-Giza, Egypt The predaciousness role of two frogs species (Rana esculenta and Bufo vulgaris
) and five lizards species (Trapelus mutabilis, Scincus S. scincus, Eumeces schneideri, Chaccides O. ocellatus and Mabuyeq quinquetaeniata) was studied against the
different developmental stages of three land snail species (Monacha obstructa, Theba pisana and Eobania vermiculata) and one land slug (Limax flavus
). The obtained data revealed that all tested predators exhibited a high predaciousness effect against all
terrestrial molluscs particularly their eggs and immature stages, while the adults of both snails and slugs were enabled to protect
themselves either by disappearing inside the shell or by releasing extensive mucus. On the other hand, a wide variation in
consumption of eggs or immature molluscs stage were obvious between molluscs species and their immature stages as animals
characterized with small eggs or soft shell were more vulnerable for predator attacking, while the opposite was noticed with those
have a large size eggs or hard shell. In the same time, the predaciousness role of these vertebrate animals markedly differed according predator species as frog of R. esculenta
exhibited a comparatively a high potential for all stages of the tested molluscs species when compared with B. vulgaris frogs. On the other hand, animals of T. mutabilis occupied the first order between lizard
species in their predaciousness followed with S. scincus, E. schneideri and C. ocellatus species, while M. quetaenitata lizard showed the lowest effect against all tested molluscs species.
Fifteen Years of Research on Botanical Insecticides S. EL-Gengaihi National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo
Pesticide research in the agriculture business is generally continuous to emphasize on the development and use of synthetic
broadly nontoxic compounds. Although synthetic organic pesticides appear to provide a solution to the problem of the pest
control, it has become apparent that repeated application and excessive reliance on synthetic pesticides can be an inadequate
method of control. Health and environmental problems and the increasing insect resistance to any of these synthetic pesticides
clearly indicate that basic research must be directed to the discovery of new, safe types of pest control agents in order to insure
high production and preservation of Agriculture products. From accumulated research data, it appears that this goal may be
achieved through the use of natural pesticides. Several plant products have shown to possess properties that would make them efficient pest control agents.
So, many plants, trees, shrubs, annuals, either wild or cultivated were surveyed for their pesticidal activity. Many have proved to
be active. These plants were phytochemically investigated to determine their chemical compositions. Successive solvent
extractions were applied from active plants , and each extract was tested against important insects from different families.
The biologically active extract was chemically fractionated and its components were isolated, identified and checked on the target insect.
Variable chemical compositions were isolated and structure, biology relationship was indicated, including mode of action.
The Role of Coumarins as Insecticidal Agent Against Stored Grain Pest (Cowpea Beetle)
S. El-Gengaihi*, A. Ismail*, A. Affifi*, R. Farag**, G. El-Baroty**
*National Research Centre, Medicinal and Aromatic plants Dept., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt **Faculty of Agriculture, Biochemistry Dept., Cairo University
Three major coumarins were isolated from three plants murraya, and kumquat plants family Rutaceae and celery plant family Apiaceae.
The three coumarins were identified by different chromatographic methods and their structures were elucidated using spectral analysis,
Insecticidal activity of the chloroform and ethanol extracts in addition to the isolated coumarins were studied against one important stored grain pests (Callosobruchus maculatus).
Chloroform extracts of the three plants induced higher toxicity to the adult beetles, 100 % mortality was due to celery extract (1
%). On the other hand, ethanol extract induced higher mortality with celery and kumquat plants. 92 % mortality was due to the isolated murraya coumarins.
Histological studies were performed on dead beetles treated with either the extract or the isolated coumarins to help in postulating the cause of death and the mode of coumarin action.
A Newly Formulated Potent Attractant Lure for the Peach Fruit Fly
Braetocera zonata Saund (Tephritidae: Deiptera) in Egypt S. F. El-Miniawi PPRI, ARC – Min. Agric. – Dokki – Cairo – Egypt A new potent attractant for the peach fruit fly was formulated mainly from discarded ground roasted fruits.
When used in Mephail or Jackson traps it proved highly attractive for males of the fly even if being distant of the traps at 100 m level.
When such attractant is diluted and allowed to fall on the ground at zero cm height level the attractant proved to be highly efficient if compared to Me-Eugenol being much economic that the latter attractant.
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Two Gamma Iradiated Essential Oils Abou EL-Soud, Mohamed Abd EL-Fattah
Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) Essential oils of fennel and geranium were gamma irradiated with doses of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 KGy. The studied oils were
tested for their antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic microorganisms (Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, A. flavius, Fusarium oxysporum and Pseudomonas citri
). Both oils were used in four concentrations of 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm. The investigated oils showed different inhibition effects against the studied microorganisms. Gamma irradiation doses increased the
antimicrobial activity with different magnitudes. Generally, increasing oil concentration increased antimicrobial activity of the
studied oils and that of 4000 ppm was the most effective one. The essential oils were analyzed by G.L.C. to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on the oil components.
Ovicidal Activity of some Essential Oils and Plant Extracts against
Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) A. M. El-Ghareeb*, A. M. Abdel-Wahab*, F. A. El-Said**, N. H. Wafy**
* Plant protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University ** Plant Protection research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
Ten essential oils and 7 petroleum ether plant extracts were investigated against 1 day old egg masses of cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis
Boisd. by using the leaf dipping technique. Concerning the essential oils, the two hydrocarbon monoterpenoids
Accumulation and changes of Azadirachtin A during the development of fruit of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica,
and during its seed germination Sreenivasa Rao Damarla and M C Gopinathan
EID Parry (I) Limited, R&D Centre, 145 Devanahalli Road, Bangalore 560 049, India Azadirachtin A is possessing various pest control properties and is one of the predominant and most active limonoids present in
the seed kernel of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. The content of azadirachtin varies in the seeds of different neem trees
and its production during various stages of neem fruit has been reported. There is gradual accumulation of Azadirachtin across
the growth of the fruit and attains its highest content in the ripe fruit followed by drop in the ground fallen seed and during
subsequent storage. Very low quantity of azadirachtin was reported to be present in other parts of the neem tree other than
seeds. The production of various toxic secondary metabolites in plants has ecological significance as these metabolites are
useful in plat defense systems against insects and other organisms. We have studied the fate of Azadirachtin during the
germination of neem seed which indicated that significant amounts of azadirachtin was present in all parts of the seedling, viz.
Cotyledons, stems, roots and leaves, in contrast to insignificant amounts observed in respective parts of the well grown plant.
The presence of higher azadirachtin in all the parts of the neem seedlings could help in protection of seedling against various
insects during the initial stage of the plant growth. In this paper, the occurrence of azadirachtin during different developmental
stages of neem fruit and its distribution during freshly germinated neem seedlings has been reported and its possible ecological significance is discussed.
Anti-Insect Properties of the Iberis Amara Linn., and
Antholyza aethiopica Andr., Extract against the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis Boisd., (Lepidoptera: Noctuidea) A. A. Hafez Successive extraction of the Iberis amara seeds and Antholyza aethiopica scale leaves with two solvents indicated that the
petroleum ether & acetone extracts of the two plants under study gave higher toxic activity against the 1st instar than the 4th instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis.
The application of petroleum ether extract (10 & 5 %) had the highest insecticidal effect against the 4th and 1st instar larvae of S. littoralis
, respectively. Also, acetone extract (5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625 %) gave 100 % mortality against the fourth larval instar. In
addition toxic compounds in these plants are extracts by the two solvents, but acetone is active than petroleum ether. The percentage of mortality was directly proportional to the concentration applied and to the period of exposure.
The application of extract (10%) of the two solvents of the two plants gave the highest reduction in feeding of the fourth instar
larvae on treated leaf discs, showing 91,70 and 86,64 % antifeeding activity. Also, it can be concluded that plant extracts possess antifeeding activity and this activity increases by increasing the concentration.
Accordingly the present study showed that Iberis amara and Antholyza aethiopica extracts was a good candidate to be
considered for protecting cotton plants against the cotton leafworm in I.P.M. programme. Further experiments in the field will be designed to test these conclusions.
Biological Control of Pests, Insects, Worms and Diseases by Use of Plant Organs in Ancient Iran. Dr. Seyed Mohsen Hosseini,
Natural Resources Graduate School of Tarbiat Modarres University, 46414, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
Iran has thousands years experiences in biological Control of Pests, Insects, Worms and Diseases by Use of Plant Organs. Iran
is a vast country with various ecological conditions such as elevation from sea level zero to 5671m, various soils including salty
soils, wet soils and fertile soils, several climates from alpine to tropical climate. Collection of these situation made thousands
years experiences in biological Control of agricultural Pests, Insects, Worms and Diseases by Use of Plant Organs. In this
research native experiences in biological control of agricultural pests, insects, worms and diseases by Use of plant organs were
presented that some of these experiences including: *In ancient Iran for control of grasshoppers, they were boiling fruit of Citrullus colocynthis in water and scattering it in farms.
*For control of clothes-moth and carpets, they locating leaves of Nicotina tabacum between dresses. *Usage of leaves of Platanus orientalis
for biological control of mouse was common in ancient Iran. *Iranian was used Carum carvi for destroying of ants. *For repelling of weasel that eats their chickens they used leaves of
Peganum harmala. *For destroying of pests in farms they were boiling leaves of Lawsonia alba in water and scattering it in farms. *Usage of ashes of wood of some trees including
Celtis caucasica, Parrotia persica and powders of Allium sativum and leaves of Nerium oleander was common. *For conserving of legominose grains, they used mixture of Cuminum cyminum
and salt.
Efficacies of NeemAzal-T/S in Practice
Edmund Hummel Trifolio-M GmbH, Sonnenstr. 22, 35633 Lahnau, Germany During the period 1994-2000 we have optimized the standardised, commercial formulation NeemAzal-T/S (1% AzadirachtinA) with
respect to its application by field and laboratory trials. The efficacy was tested against more than 120 species of insects and mites from Acari, Coleoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera,
Hymenoptera, Homoptera, Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera. The results show, that NeemAzal-T/S is effective against free feeding sucking and biting pests. In some cases the partial systemic
properties of NeemAzal may be used for efficient control. In the phytotoxiticy experiments it was observed, that the formulation may be toxic to pear-trees and certain varieties of ornamentals in greenhouses. All results show that the application of NeemAzal-T/S is efficient with respect to the target pests and does not bear special risks to humans and the environment.
Due to the favourable properties of NeemAzal-formulations extensions of the present registrations are in progress. Formulations
which may efficiently be used for the control of human or animal ectoparasites have been developed and are currently tested.
Plant Extracts and Utilization of their Products for Safe Agricultural Production and for Reducing Environmental Pollution Prof. Dr. I. M. Kelany Plant Protection Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
The conventional pesticides caused for the time being many problems, some of which the appearance of highly resistant strains
of numerous pests, deleterious effects on the environment. At the same time such pesticides are expensive to export for
developing poor countries with limited foreign currency. Therefore, the search for bio-active substances which have satisfactory
properties concerning their effects on the target pests, not expensive to produce and also environmental safety is nowadays very urgent and not later on.
Recently plant extracts have more attention in controlling many of serious pests especially in tropic and subtropic countries. Also
they are biodegradable, very low in mammalian toxicity and potentially compatible with natural enemies.
Experience and studies demonstrate that such soft products work by intervening at several stages of pest´s life and are known to act in one or more of the following ways:
1. Deterring feeding 2. Reducing both, the ability to “swallow” or the mobility of the gut 3. Poisoning and/or repelling of feeding stages
4. Reducing mating potential of the adult pests 5. Disrupting the formation of chitin 6. Deterring females form laying eggs 7. Blocking the moulting of larvae or nymphs
8. Inhibiting the development of immature stages.
Many of plant extracts or products have proven at potent as many conventional synthetic pesticides, and also are effective at very low concentrations.
On the other hand, botanical biocides possess great advantage over synthetic pesticides of being more environmentally friendly
to be accepted by the majority of farmers, governmental and decision makers. Their efficacy comparable to that of chemicals give consistent results under practical conditions.
In Egypt a huge amount of information showing that botanical extract-based pesticides, specially neem, are very active against
number of different pest species under laboratory, green house, semi-field and field conditions and in different environments.
They showed influences on wide range of pests, insects, mites, nematodes, snails, crustaceans, parasitic species of human being, domestic animals and household pests as well as on plant diseases.
But for some others of flora is an important step towards these achievements. The main problem for converting to bio-products (as plant formulations) is the mode of action, where plant products do not have
the knock-down effect of the conventional pesticides, their effects are slower in time and needs several days before reaching a balanced situation where the damage of pests is reduced to the minimum or to an acceptable level.
Effect of Honeybee Queen Substance (QS) on Certain Biological Aspects of the Black Cutworm Agrotis Ipsilon (Hufn.)
S. I. Yousif-Khalil, S. A. El-Monsef, A. A. I. Ahmed, A. A. M. Shalaby, M. M. A. El-Shershaby The effect of honeybee queen substance of the two races Apis mellifera carnica and Apis mellifera mellifera
(by injection and topical application) on some biological aspects of the cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) was studied in detail. Obtained results
revealed toxic activity, growth inhibition of treated larvae and sterilizating action of emerged adult females. The ovary of treated
moth of the black cutworm resulted from exposed larvae to different doses of queen substance is greatly reduced as compared
to that control moth. Moreover, the lower number of developing eggs is seen in the ovarioles. Injection technique was found more effective than topical technique.
Effective Control of Varroatosis (Varroa jacobsoni
Oud.) using Volatile Oils: A Varroacide with Thymol as the Main Ingredient Metwally M. Khattab
Faculty of Agriculture, Moshtohor, Zagazig Univerysity In Egypt all apiaries of honeybee colonies are infested by the ectoparasite Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Since 1989 to 1999, about
95% of the colonies were treated with the pyrethroids (fluvalinate or flumethrin) and other acaricides or insecticides. Extended
use of these pesticides against Varroa mite, however results in residues accumulation in the wax, and thus, the quality of bee
products is jeopardised. In Egypt the efficiency of the pyrethroids and acaricides is now reported to insufficient for recent tests
suggest that strains of mites resistant to these materials have been appeared in different apiaries of Egypt. It is therefore
necessary to find new ways for integrated Varroa control. The active substances used should be found in nature and should be
without risk for consumers of bee products. Moreover, the residues produced should not accumulate in wax. Besides formic, lactic
and oxalic acids, volatile oils a new Varroacide a product which have been experimented for use to Varroa mite controlling in
Egypt. Because of the simplicity of application and the compatibility of its various components with food. This work carried out in
the experimental station of National Project for Control of Honeybee Diseases and Pests at Faculty of Agriculture Moshtohor, Zagazig University, Egypt.
National Programe for Varroa Mite Control in Honeybee Colonies using Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Metwally M. Khattab
Faculty of Agriculture, Moshtohor, Zagazig University Since the ectoparasitic mite Varroa Jaconsoni, Oud., was first recorded in Egypt on the 10th September 1989, have been ever
since different methods used for controlling this mite especially with chemicals of pesticides which unfortunately pollute the hive
products by their residues. At the time being principal of varroa mite control depends on these safe materials and bee management:
1. Formic acid, Oxalic acid and lactic acid 2. Volatile oils “thymol, menthol, campher” etc. 3. Wheat flour 4. Biotechnical brood managements
5. Breeding of honeybee races and hybrids for resistance to varroa mitic infection, using the selection between different races and their hybrids.
The above integrated pest managements (IPM) for varroa mite control was applied and carried out form 1999 to 2000. This proposal program for Varroa Jacobsoni
, Oud. mite control in honeybee colonies was conducted and studies under the experimental work of National Project for Control of Honeybee Diseases and Pests at the Faculty of Agriculture, Moshtohor, with
the cooperation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt.
NeemAzal: Properties of a Commercial Neem-Seed-Extract Hubertus Kleeberg
Trifolio-M GmbH, Sonnenstrasse 22, 35633 Lahnau, Germany Modern products for pest control have to be efficient, specific and risks for the users, consumers as well as for the
environment have to be close to negligible. Azadirachtins, a group of limonoids of the tropical Neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), fulfil even highest safety demands
due to their specific action on the hormonal system of insects. The standardized, technical active ingredient “NeemAzal” which is
extracted from the seed kernels of the Neem tree can be formulated to a storage stable EC called NeemAzal-T/S with additives of
plant origin. Efficacy of applications of NeemAzal-T/S have been investigated for more than 110 pest insects species, about 75% of which can be controlled efficiently.
Knowledge of the composition of Neem-extracts helps to identify and enrich the active substance(s). By the analytical control of formulations and residues an increase in storage stability
may be achieved, the mode of action better understood and the quality of the produce guaranteed. With NeemAzal-T/S free feeding as well as sucking insects and mites
can be controlled due to the systemic transport. Since Azadirachtins degrade rapidly in the field special care has to be taken for the choice of the optimum time of application; usually
this is in the early stages of the development of the infestation (young larvae, colony formation, appearance of fundatrices). Typical effects of the specific mode of action
are: rapid feeding inhibition (some hours), reduction of moulting (after some days), fecundity reduction (after days, weeks). Thus assessments should be done with respect to the decrease in damage of the target
crop rather than the mortality of the insects. Azadirachtins degrade in aqueous systems like the environment with a half life of a few days. In addition to the very favourable toxicological properties the
rapid degradation of the active ingredient assures the safety of the consumer due to the lack of residues
; the rapid degradation makes a careful choice of the time of application necessary in order to obtain a high bioefficacy in the field. The high ecotoxicological safety
of NeemAzal-T/S is due to the intrinsically ecofriendly (non-toxic to micro-organisms, aquatic
organisms, beneficials, warm blooded animals etc.) properties as well as the rapid thermal, hydrolytic and microbiological degradation pathways.
Biopesticides – Present Situation and Future Potential Christine Kliche-Spory Trifolio-M GmbH, Sonnenstr. 22, 35633 Lahnau, Germany
A survey is given about biopesticides, their actual use and possible chances in the future. Difficulties still arise in the use plant protection products with respect to legal aspects, their cost and the handling of the products. Residues and resistancies will be discussed in comparison to synthetic pesticides during the lecture.
Laboratory and Field Measurements of Pheromones - Tools for the Improvement of Mating Disruption Uwe T. Koch AG Pheromone, FB Biologie, Universität Kaiserslautern, Postfach 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
When assessing performance of mating disruption projects, the amount of pheromone present in the field is one of the decisive factors that must be investigated. We can support such efforts in two ways:
1) Laboratory measurement of pheromone dispenser performance: We have developed a standardized method to measure the bulk release rate of dispensers within a few days with high resolution
and reproducibility. This avoids systematical errors that occur with the traditionally used methods for measuring dispenser
release rate: weighing the dispensers between periods of field exposure or measuring the pheromone load remaining in the
dispensers. For dispensers releasing more than one active ingredient, we have substantially improved existing gas
chromatographic methods to measure the release rates of the individual components. Since our methods are non-destructive, they can be applied repeatedly over the life time of individual dispensers.
2) Field measurement of airborne pheromone concentration using a portable EAG system. We can measure pheromone concentrations in the field with a system using the antenna of the insect as a sensing element.
Voltage signals recorded from the antenna in the ElectroAntennoGram (EAG) can detect airborne pheromone in concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/m3. An absolute calibration has been provided for several moth species.
This system can be used for measuring the actual pheromone distribution in a treated field or the concentrations provided by
different dispenser types. When sprayable formulations are applied, the persistence of such formulations in the field cannot
easily be predicted by laboratory experiments. Here, the EAG system has been used to measure pheromone concentrations from
the sprayable formulations to determine the life time of the product. Samples of results from release rate and EAG measurements for different pheromones are presented.
Effects of Neem Azal T/S on the development of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima)
Heidi Baresch*, Jutta Petzold*, Gabriele Köhler** *Amt für Landwirtschaft und Gartenbau Löbau
**Sächsische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft, Fachbereich Pflanzenschutz Dresden The aim of the described trials was to get more information about side effects of Neem Azal T/S on poinsettia. The tests were
carried out in a commercial greenhouse. Neem Azal T/S was used against whitefly (Trialeurodes vapoariorum) and western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on
poinsettia. The efficacy against these two insects was very good. Plant damages were not registered.
In autumn 1999 the sky was overcast very often and the intensity of sunlight was very slow. Under these conditions of light
deficiency the neem treatment caused in a later development of red coloured leaves around the flower. This effect was reduced when Neem Azal T/S was combined with the garlic product Envirepel.
The same trial was carried out in 2000. The weather was very sunny in autumn 2000. Light deficiency was not observed. A
retardation of bractee development was not registered, but decreased plant growth was observed after treatment of Neem Azal
T/S. Reduction of plant height is desirable in the culture of poinsettia. The effect of Neem Azal T/S was better than that of a
common growth regulator. Farmers which spray Neem Azal T/S against whitefly mustn’t use a growth regulator in addition.
The trials will be continue in the next years to optimise date and number of applications under different weather conditions.
The Potential of Pheromones Armin Kratt
Trifolio-M GmbH, Sonnenstr. 22, 35633 Lahnau, Germany The various types of pheromone applications and their value in biological and integrated pest control, explained trough typical examples.
Neem pesticides in public green areas - guidelines for a useful application M. Lehmann Landesamt für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft - Pflanzenschutzdienst -
Ringstraße 1010, D - 15203 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany Results of NeemAzal tests in 1995 ... 1999 give guidelines to the use of Neem-pesticides towards leaf destroying insects on
ornamental plants and trees of public green areas of Land Brandenburg, partially preserved elements of the landscape.
Test applications under use of NeemAzal -T/S or its active substance have been carried out under employment of ground-based
machines, trunk-painting and infusions into the trunk and by helicopter. The reaction of caterpillars of nine species on several deciduous trees or shrubs have been tested.
The effects were compared to untreated and/or to other, chemical or biological, insecticides registered for use on ornamental
plants or ornamental trees and forestries. The efficacy was satisfactory and nearly as high as compared insecticides.
Increasing problems with the sinking number of special pesticides to non-commercial plant stands, with the availability of
registrated insecticides and reservations against synthetic insecticides in urban grean areas of Germany create a loss of legal
activity. Under consideration of the mode of action Neem-insecticides may become a biodegradable alternative to a number of
other insecticides. But the application of NeemAzal to the user takes a higher degree of intelligence than other comparable insecticides.
Neem-insecticides are registered in Germany. They may become employed to control pests of ornamental trees under
consideration of the plant protection act of Germany and by permission of the official body of plant protection. The way of making a decision and preparing the application are presented.
Efficiency of Two Neem Formulations in Controlling the Pallid Scale
Insulaspis palidula (Green) Infesting Mango Trees in Egypt M. H. Mansour, H. A. Salem
Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt Two neem formulations NeemAzal-S and Margosan-O were evaluated against the pallid scale insect (Insulaspis palidula
Green) infesting mango trees under Egyptian conditions. Malathion 57% was used as check. The data was expressed as percentage of
mortality of both nymphal and adult instars. Latent effect of treatment on the population size was taken in consideration.
Both compounds (NeemAzal-S and Margosan-O) were more toxic to nymphs than adults. The increase of concentration led to an
increase in the nymphal mortality reached 85,596,49 in case of Margosan-O at concentration of 40 ppm and 58.963,59 for
NeemAzal-S at 46.6 ppm. Both formulations inhibited the development of nymphal stage leading to a significant reduction of the emerged adults till 2 weeks from application.
Botanical Pesticides From Custard Apple Annona squamosa Linn. G. V. Raman*, G. Srimannarayana, A. K. Soni, V. Daniel, B. Venkateswarlu*, M. Srinivasa Rao*
Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007, India *Crop Sciences Division, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad, 500 059, India
Custard apple (Annona squamosa Linn.) is well grown tropical plant in deccan plateau of India. Besides edible fruits, the leaves
and seeds of the plant are important for its medicinal and pesticidal properties. Seed and its oil were reported to contain about 15
acetogenins and leaves were reported to contain aporphine alkaloids which are active principles. In the present chemical
investigation of seed and its oil yielded acetogenins like squamocin, squamocin-D,I,K and L among which squamocin was the
major component. Leaves on the chemical examination yielded alkaloids like (+)-O-methyl armeparvine and (-)-xylopine. In the
present study leaf, seed and seed oil were extracted and made into emulsifiable concentrates. All the formulations were tested in the laboratory against pod borer Helicoverpa armigera
. The same formulations were sprayed on pigeonpea crop thrice with the interval of 12 days after pod formation. Field efficacy of these formulations was evaluated based on larval reduction and pod
damage. An extra grain yield and high cost-benefit ratio were recorded from the Annona seed oil formulation plot. Filed
demonstration and training programmes were conducted to create awareness among farmers on preparation and utilisation of
botanical pesticides with the help of Krishi Vignana Kendras and NGO´s. More than 100 farmers were supplied with ready to use
Annona oil EC formulations and leaf extracts. Their crops were protected from pest attack and they harvested extra yield.
Need Based Studies On Rural Reformation And The Solution. Dr. Rini Sen HOD, Agri. Entomology, CBG Krishimahavidyalaya, BKT, MS-74, Sector D,Aliganj, Lucknow-226024 India.
Rural reformation is a goal which has become an important issue for all round development of a developing country specially
country like India which has been an agricultural country.80% people live in the villages in India. Most of them are in a state of
deprivation in all respect of life. Most of the pesticides and other chemicals are stored in the remote location and villages often in
leaking barrels close to the drinking water, food sources and human habitation. They threaten human health, local ecosystem
and the environment. The unsafe disposal is another factor which leads to the formation and emission of toxic pollutants.
Villagers are innocent of these facts. Most pesticides formulations are primarily composed of secrete untested toxic ingredients
and the use of these pesticides is unjust, morally wrong and deadly dangerous. It must be stopped.
Therefore, a study was carried out to formulate the strategies for a package based on the uses of plant products, which could be repeatedly communicated to the users by some means.
A Real Way to Obtain Safe Biopesticides D’Andrea A., Ambrosino P, Fogliano V., Gorgoglione D., Oliva A. and Ritieni A.
Synthetic pesticides possess quick knockdown, but they are often toxic to mammals and nontarget organ-isms (Klassen et al.,
1986; Marquis, 1986); for these reasons safe ecological pesticides that do not leach residues into the environment have great importance (Cook and Baker, 1983). Compounds from the evergreen neem tree (Azadirachta indica
), a plant belonging to the Meliaceae family and native to the arid regions of India, Pakistan, and Africa (Schmutterer, 1990), are of special interest (Cernia
et al., 1997), making its oval fruits and leaves important sources of insecticides used for pest control (Chattopadhyay et al.,
1992). Azadirachtins are important active principles contained in neem seed kernels (Saxena et al., 1989), and several active
compounds were isolated from neem seed kernels, such as salannin, genudin, and nimbin (Jones et al., 1989). The amount of
azadirachtins may vary considerably depending on environmental and genetic factors. It has been demonstrated that
azadirachtins have deterrent, antiovipositional, antifeedant, growth-disrupting, growth-regulating, fecundity and fitness-reducing properties on insects (Broughton et al., 1986; Kraus et al., 1985).
Rotenone is a naturally occurring insecticide found in many leguminous species of the genera Derris,
”Rasa Realtur s.p.a. has supplied the Authors with its laboratory experience and know how both in the extractive and analytical steps”.
Studies on New Sources of Phytochemical Pesticides by Biotechnological Means
Ana Ro¥u*, Alexandru Vladimirescu**, Gabriela Nicolescu***, Ibrahim M. Kelany***
* University of Agronomic Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology, Bucharest, Romania ** Cantacuzino Institute. Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Bucharest, Romania
*** Zagazig University, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, Egypt
There is a steadily growing interest in identifying new promising sources of compounds with pesticide activity inside the plant
kingdom, in order to develop more environmentally sound technologies for harvest and post-harvest crop protection. The Neem tree (Azadirachta indica
A. Juss) is recognized as a multipurpose plant mostly due to the synthesis of plant tissues of azadirachtin and of other active principles with amply described beneficial effects, in various fields.
Despite of the worldwide increasing demands for phytochemical pesticides from the category of Neem extracts, these are some
drawbacks in providing enough supplies of materials used as sources for bioactive compounds: the neem trees are not available
in many areas with a high usage potential from the temperate climate and the seeds represent the most important material for neem usage in pest control, thus making often the supplies erratic and unstable.
These factors suggested that biotechnology based on neem cell cultures may represent a reliable alternative method for
producing the active compounds, by offering some important advantages: the stability of supply independent from climatic factors and unlimited to geographical areas.
Callus and cell suspension cultures of Neem have been established "in vitro" by using leaf explants and the expression of
morphogenic and biochemical totipotency of the cells was evaluated, according to the composition of the culture medium.
Preliminary assessments of the bioactivity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of "in vitro" developed neem biomass have been
performed against the mosquito larvae, and tests of the influence on other insects (domestic flies and the kitchen red cockroaches) are underway.
Estimation of residue data based on the analytics of the lead compound Azadirachtin A
Beate Ruch, Hubertus Kleeberg Trifolio-M GmbH Sonnenstr. 22; 35633 Lahnau
Azadirachtin A is the lead compound for analytical purposes of the plant protective agent NeemAzal-T/S and its acitve ingredient
NeemAzal. For clarification of the residue behaviour, the amount of residues after treatment and their degradation with time are of special interest.
The residue studies comprises extraction of Azadirachtin A out of the plant material with subsequent HPLC determination. The
results show that we have to use different extraction methods for different plant matrices. This procedure of method development
and method validation is time consuming and expensive. To a large extent this is due to the non availability of synthetic, radioactively labled Azadirachtin A.
For this reasons we propose a general conception for the estimation of Azadirachtin A residues on/in plants.
The effect of neem terpenoids and some other phytochemicals on insect and mammalian cultured cells. Salehzadeh, A., Strang, R. H. C. Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K.
The Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) produces a group of plant metabolites that in recent years have become seriously considered for their insecticidal activity.
Due to problems of pesticides as an potential pollutants of the environment, azadirachtin, along with some other terpenoids from Neem tree and some other phytochemical pesticides were compared on their cytotoxicological properties.
Using cultured cells our experiment showed that azadirachtin could effectively inhibit growth of insect cells with an EC50 of 1x10-8 M against Sf9 cells and 9x10-7
M against C6/36 respectively, whereas the terpenoid affect mammalian and snail cells only at high concentration (over10-5 and 10-6
M respectively). Nimbin and salannin affect cell growth but in lower degree. Rotenone inhibited cell growth, both in insect and mammalian cells (EC50 ranging from 8x 10-7 to 2x 10-7
). Other phytochemical pesticides only slightly affect cell growth. In cell respiration assays azadirachtin and rotenone reduced consumption of oxygen in all cells. Rotenone was shown inhibit
respiration in all cells used even at a low concentration (10-11M) , whereas azadirachtin affect cells respiration only in a very high concentration 10-4M.
Field Application of Onion preparations for Controlling Sesamia cretica
Led. Infesting Maize Plants F. F. Shalaby*, M. M. Assar*, A. F. Lutfallah**, S. S. Yacoub**
* Plant Prtection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha Branch, Zagazig University ** Field Crop pest Research Department, Plant protection Research Institute, A.R.C., Egypt
Some onion preparations were assayed for their effectiveness against Sesamia cretica Led. Infesting maize plants of 1996 and 1997 early summer plantations. Onion granules caused the severest reduction of
S. cretica egg-mass counts (65,1%; average of two years) than control (27,6 egg-masses/100 plants), followed by onion juice. Methanol extract caused highest reduction in larval counts (84,3%), followed by
acetone extract and onion juice. Highest reduction in number of perforated leaves (65,5% than control) occurred due to onion
juice treatment, followed by water and methanol extracts. Onion juice was, also, the best in reducing the dead heart cases (64,9%
reduction than control), increasing the resultant dry ears yield (21,16 Ardab/feddan, showing 180,5% increase than control) and
reducing the eggs reproductivity (41,2 eggs/female, showing 55,3% reduction than control). Methanol onion extract took the
second order in effectiveness. On the contrary Acetone and Petroleum ether extracts were of much lower effectiveness against S. cretica
than onion juice and Methanol extract. It is recommended to consider onion preparations in any I.P.M. program for controlling this pest in maize plantations.
Survival of Metarhizium anisopliae
mycelial propagules in soil under different moisture regimes in laboratory Shashi Sharma*, R. B. L. Gubta**, David Holdom***
* Management in whitegrub in peanut cropping system in Asia and Australia at ARS, Durgapura, Jaipur ** P. C. Cell, AICRP on whitegrub, ARS, Durgapura, Jaipur
*** The University of Queensland, 80 Meiers Rd, Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia Efficient sporulation by formulated mycelia soon after application in soil is important to the establishment of Metarhizium
anisopliae population for effective pest control. Pathogen titre was determined in sterile and unsterile soils inoculated with dry
mycelial propagules and their moisture content adjusted to 2.4, 4.8, 7.2, 9.2 and 12 per cent (w/v) after 15 days of incubation at
27°C. A 12 per cent of water content of the soil in the present investigation remained near filed capacity. Moisture level of 2.4 and
4.8 per cent in sterile soil and 4.8 and 7.2 per cent in unsterile soil exhibited more number of CFU´s than other level of moisture. The highest initial CFU´s in sterile and unsterile soil were 155x108 g-1
and 105x108 g-1 dry mycelial particles respectively. Moisture levels above 7.2 per cent affected the development of colonies adversely in both the soil types. In unsterile soil,
adverse effect of high moisture was more pronounced. The present study was undertaken to find out the sporulating capacity of dry mycelial particles of Metarhizium anisopliae in
sandy soil having different moisture levels and their subsequent survival over periods.
Use of some Local Natural Resources on Control of Flea Beetle, Phyllotreta nemorum L. ( Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Indra Prasad Subedi 1, Kamini Vaidya 2 1 2
Lecturer, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Aqueous extracts of six different plants (Acorus calamus, Ageratum conyzoides, Azadirachta indica, Duranta repens, Spilanthes acmella and Urtica dioca
) and diluted animal urine (buffalo urine & cow urine) were tested for the mortality of flea beetle in the
laboratory. The results were compared with the effects of commercial neem product: Neem Azal. The host plant taken for the study was radish (Rhaphanus sativus). Flea beetle (Phyllotreta nemorum)
was considered as key insect. Three concentrations of aqueous extracts of plants (1 kg/5lit, 1kg/10lit & 1 kg/20lit of water), three concentrations of animal urine (20%, 15% & 10%) and
two concentrations of Neem Azal (0.1% & 0.01%) were used. Each treatment was studied on three replicates. Ten insects were
taken in each replicate. Readings were taken 24 hours after treatment and then in alternate days for one week (168 hours). All the tested concentrations of Spilanthes acmella
, buffalo urine & cow urine were found effective in flea beetle control. Acorus calamus, Azadirachta indica and Urtica dioca in high concentration showed the significant result.
The highest tested concentration of Spilanthes acmella (1 kg/5lit. of water), buffalo urine (20%) & cow urine (20%) were also
tested in the field. All these three treatments revealed significant population reduction in field.
The Possibilities of Neemazal and its Combinations with Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Use in Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar
L.) Populations Control in Slovakia Marek Turcani
Forest Research Institute, Research Station B. Stiavnica, Lesnicka 11, SK – 96923 Banska Stiavnica, Slovakia, The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar
L. (Lep. Lymantriidae), is the most important defoliator of oak stands in Slovakia. The control is done by aerial applications of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk
) and viruses preparations during outbreaks (every 6-10 years). When population density is very high (over 5 egg masses / tree) the larvae cause heavy defoliation in spite the fact, that treatment by (Btk
) and viruses was done. Trials to control gypsy moth by application of NeemAzal products and combination of NeemAzal and Btk
products in oak stands were conducted in spring 1998 to confirm, if NeemAzal preparations could decrease or
minimise defoliation. The effects of 2.0 (NAI2.0) and 4.0 (NAI4.0) l NeemAzal – T/S combined with 2.0 l Istroecol (rape oil
formulation) on larvae of gypsy moth is shown. Applications were carried out by aeroplane with the ingredients diluted in 100 l
water / ha. Artificially reared gypsy moth larvae were exposed on sprayed plots into cloth bags. They were taken into lab after 3
weeks together with branches. Larvae treated by 2.0 l showed 50.1 % mortality, larvae treated by 4.0 l showed 78.6% mortality.
Average defoliation reached 3.85% in (NAI2.0) and only 3.15% in (NAI4.0) and was significantly lower as in control – 24.75 and
27.5 % (ANOVA, Scheffe, test). Surface trials were carried out on another experiment. The effects of combination of NeemAzal and Btk products (A: Btk –0.02 l; B: NeemAzal –T/S –0.005 l + Btk
-0.005 l; C: NeemAzal –T/S –0.01 l + Btk -0.01 l; and D: NeemAzal –T/S –0.02 l + Btk -0.01 l - each combination with 0.01 l of Istroecol diluted in 5 l of water) on gypsy moth larvae is
shown. Gypsy moth larvae were exposed on sprayed trees into cloth bags and taken into lab after 3 weeks together with
branches. All used variants (A, B, C and D) reached 100.0% mortality (natural mortality was high as well –70%). Average
defoliation reached 78.6% in A, 41.4% in B, 34.3% in C and 6.2% in D and was significantly lower that in control – 91.2 and 92.9% (ANOVA, Tukey HSD test). Defoliation in A was significantly higher as defoliation in B, C and D.
Perspectives of
Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis Use in Bark Beetles Populations Control Marek Turcani, Julius Novotny
Forest Research Institute, Research Station B. Stiavnica, Lesnicka 11, SK – 96923 Banska Stiavnica, Slovakia, Fax: ++421 859 6911044,
The spruce is one of the most important tree species in Slovakia, but it is damaged by different injurious factors. Among another injurious factors, the most important are bark beetles – Ips typographus
L. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) mainly. Outbreaks of this species became to be more common in the mountains regions last time, where using the insecticides is prohibited. From this
reason mainly, it is necessary to start with preparation of more suitable control strategies. More ecological control of bark beetles populations could be done by using some biological products. The possibility of
Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (Btt) use for bark beetles control was studied in 1999 and 2000. In 1999, 2 variants were made: 1)The treatment was done and sample
trees were subsequently attracted by pheromone dispensers. The larvae (living and dead) from samples were taken and the
spectrum of pathogens by using microscope was studied on living and death larvae and pupae. 2)We attracted sample trees and
after 2 weeks the infested trees were treated. The larvae (living and dead) from samples were taken and the spectrum of pathogens by using microscope was studied on living and death larvae and pupae. Concentration of Btt
was 1%, 2% and 3% in both variants. In 2000, we made treatment on young larvae only (treatment 1 week after exposing the pheromone dispensers).
Two concentrations were used 1% and 2% and for each variant we prepared 8 repetitions. Dose – 300 ml of suspension per m2
was used. Analysis of variance was used to test differences between averages – number of mother galleries, number of larvae
tunnels and length of mother tunnels (Treated sections versus Control). The differences in average number of galleries per
section was quite low (no any statistical differences). The same result we obtained by using comparison of number of larvae
tunnels. The lowest number of larvae tunnels and lower length of mother tunnels was observed in treatment with 2% BT, but
differences were very low and not statistically significant. Efficacy was determined by comparison of % reduction of larvae tunnels
per 1 mother tunnel (A) and length of larvae tunnels (B) in treated and control sample as well. By using this method, reduction of
(A) was low – maximum –5.81% and reduction of (B) was low as well (maximum –6.49%) and not statistically significant. Spectrum
of entomo-pathogens by using microscope was identified on larvae and pupae. We did not observe any presence of Btt into Ips typographus specimens and no any mortality of specimens caused by Btt was recorded.
Feasibility of Using Neem and Organic Waste Products as Substitutes for Methyl Bromide at Control of Root Feeding Nematodes in Tea
Sushila I. Vitarana, D. D. Liyanage, U. B. Herath, N. Navaratna The Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Talawakelle, Sri Lanka
Methyl bromide has been in use in tea since 1960, in the field as well as in nurseries against plant parasitic nematodes and root
diseases of tea. Being the cheapest and the most effective nematicide for the purpose, its use in tea nurseries is continuing to
date. For reasons of its effect on the ozone layer of the earth´s atmosphere, usage of methyl bromide is being phased out. Tea
being the largest consumer of the chemical in the agricultural sector in Sri Lanka, studies on alternatives to methyl bromide have been initiated at the Tea Research Institute.
This paper discusses statistically designed experiments in which neem formulations, organic wastes and Soil-Solarization have
been tested either individually or in combination, to eradicate plant parasitic nematodes in tea. Mulching with raw neem leaf and
application of a commercial formulation of neem (NeemAzal-T/S 1%) in infested fields, have been compared. Refuse tea, paddy
husk (rice hull), coir dust (of coconut husk) and tobacco waste have been tested. 6-8 weeks soil-Solarization and partial soil
substitution (1:1) with the above plant products in the nurseries followed by neem formulation after field planting have been
demonstrated as effective. Growth boosting effect of neem and the plant products on growth of the tea plant has been shown to
be an added benefit. This is particularly desirable as it can impart a certain amount of tolerance to the plant and allow time for the nematicidal agent to eradicate the pest without the plant being affected at all.
Preliminary studies on integration of Soil-Solarization with neem formulation (NeemAzal-T/S 1%) and the above plant products together with the methodologies have been discussed.
Comparison of Aqueous Neem Seed Kernel Extracts with NeemAzal-T/S
Reinhard Wolf Trifolio-M GmbH, Sonnenstr. 22, 35633 Lahnau, Germany
Although in some countries the only feasible solution from a superficial economic point of view, aqueous NSK extracts often do
not yield the expected performance in the field. Due to the lack of knowledge of the concentration of active ingredients and the
lack of stability of aqueous azadirachtin-solutions, it is at best a gamble to predict the efficacy of these extracts. As a result,
farmers sometimes are able to protect their crops with aqueous NSK extracts and sometimes run the danger of losing the
harvest. The cost of the loss of a harvest is normally unbearable to the farmer. Hence in regions where Neem is abundant,
farmers are reluctant to use NSK extracts as a superficially cheap means for biological plant protection purposes.
Compared from an economical point of view, NeemAzal-T/S is more expensive than simple NSK extracts on a litre basis. Per unit
land area the cost difference already becomes smaller. Due to the nature of the formulation and its known composition and shelf
life, it is at last a safe and convenient method to make use of the gifts of the Neem tree without the risk of failures in practice.
As a result, although NeemAzal-T/S levies higher initial costs to the farmer, he is rewarded with constant efficacies, proven
toxicological and ecotoxicological safety and hence spends the money wisely as a means of security for his harvest.